Kurapa kwekupisa inhanho yakakosha mukugadzirisa zvinhu zvesimbi.Kurapa kwekupisa kunogona kushandura chimiro chemuviri uye chemagetsi emidziyo yesimbi, kuvandudza kuoma kwavo, simba, kuoma, uye zvimwe zvinhu.
Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti chimiro chekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa chakachengeteka, chakavimbika, chine mari, uye chinoshanda, mainjiniya ezvimiro anowanzo fanirwa kunzwisisa ma mechanic zvivakwa zvezvinhu, sarudza nzira dzekurapa dzekupisa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nedhizaini uye hunhu hwezvinhu, uye kugadzirisa mashandiro avo uye lifespan.Izvi zvinotevera 13 kupisa kupisa maitiro ane chekuita nesimbi zvinhu, achitarisira kubatsira kune wese.
1. Anealing
Nzira yekurapa kupisa iyo zvinhu zvesimbi zvinopisa kune tembiricha yakakodzera, inochengetwa kwenguva yakati, uye zvishoma nezvishoma inotonhorera.Chinangwa cheannealing ndechekuderedza kuoma kwezvinhu zvesimbi, kuvandudza mapurasitiki, kufambisa kucheka kana kudzvanywa, kuderedza kushushikana kwasara, kuvandudza kufanana kwemicrostructure uye kuumbwa, kana kugadzirira microstructure yekutevera kurapwa kwekupisa.Zvakajairwa annealing maitiro anosanganisira recrystallization annealing, annealing yakakwana, spheroidization annealing, uye kushushikana kudzoreredza annealing.
Complete annealing: Natsa saizi yezviyo, chimiro chakafanana, kuderedza kuoma, kubvisa zvizere kushushikana kwemukati.Complete annealing inokodzera forgings kana simbi castings ine kabhoni content (mass fraction) pazasi 0.8%.
Spheroidizing annealing: inoderedza kuoma kwesimbi, inovandudza kucheka mashandiro, uye inogadzirira kudzima kweramangwana kuderedza deformation uye kuputika mushure mekudzima.Spheroidizing annealing inokodzera kabhoni simbi uye alloy chishandiso simbi ine kabhoni yemukati (chikamu chemisa) chinodarika 0.8%.
Kushungurudzika kudzoreredza annealing: Inobvisa kushushikana kwemukati kunogadzirwa panguva yekukweshesa uye kutonhora kutwasuka kwesimbi, inobvisa kushushikana kwemukati kunogadzirwa panguva yekunyatso machining yezvikamu, uye inodzivirira deformation panguva inotevera yekugadzirisa uye kushandiswa.Kushungurudzika kudzoreredza annealing kwakakodzera kune akasiyana castings, forgings, welded zvikamu, uye inotonhora extruded parts.
Zvinoreva maitiro ekupisa ekupisa simbi kana simbi zvinhu kune tembiricha ye30-50 ℃ pamusoro peAc3 kana Acm (iyo yepamusoro yakakosha tembiricha yesimbi), uchivabata kwenguva yakakodzera, uye kutonhora iwo mumhepo uchiri.Chinangwa che normalizing chinonyanya kuvandudza ma mechanic properties ye low-carbon steel, kunatsiridza machinability, kunatsa saizi yezviyo, kubvisa hurema hwechimiro, uye kugadzirira chimiro chekutevera kurapwa kwekupisa.
3. Kudzima
Zvinoreva maitiro ekupisa kwekupisa chikamu chesimbi kune tembiricha iri pamusoro peAc3 kana Ac1 (iyo yakaderera yakakosha tembiricha yesimbi), ichiibata kweimwe nguva yenguva, uyezve kuwana martensite (kana bainite) chimiro pane imwe nguva. kutonhora kwakakodzera.Chinangwa chekudzima ndechekuwana iyo inodiwa martensitic chimiro chezvikamu zvesimbi, kuvandudza kuomarara, kusimba, uye kupfeka kuramba kweiyo workpiece, uye kugadzirira chimiro chekutevera kurapwa kwekupisa.
Maitiro akajairika ekudzima anosanganisira kugeza munyu kudzima, martensitic graded quenching, bainite isothermal quenching, kudzima kwepamusoro, uye kudzima kwenzvimbo.
Single liquid quenching: Single liquid quenching inongoshanda kune kabhoni simbi uye alloy simbi zvikamu zvine zvimiro zvakapfava uye zvakaderera zvehunyanzvi zvinodiwa.Panguva yekudzima, kune zvikamu zvekabhoni simbi ine dhayamita kana ukobvu kupfuura 5-8mm, mvura yemunyu kana kutonhora kwemvura inofanira kushandiswa;Alloy simbi zvikamu zvinotonhodzwa nemafuta.
Kudzima kaviri kwemvura: Pisa zvikamu zvesimbi kune tembiricha yekudzima, mushure mekuvhara, kurumidza kuzvitonhodza mumvura kusvika 300-400 º C, uye wozoaendesa kumafuta ekutonhodza.
Kudzima pamusoro pemoto: Kudzima kwemoto wepasi kwakakodzera kune hombe yepakati kabhoni simbi uye yepakati kabhoni alloy simbi zvikamu, senge crankshafts, magiya, uye njanji inotungamira, inoda nzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzisingapfeki uye dzinokwanisa kumira mitoro mukugadzirwa kwebatch rimwe chete kana diki. .
Surface induction kuomeswa: Zvikamu zvakaomeswa nepamusoro induction kuomeswa zvine nzvimbo yakaoma uye isingapfeki, uku ichichengetedza simba rakanaka uye kuomarara kwepakati.Surface induction kuomesa kwakakodzera kwepakati kabhoni simbi uye alloy simbi zvikamu zvine mwero kabhoni zvemukati.
4. Kushatirwa
Inoreva maitiro ekupisa kwekupisa uko zvikamu zvesimbi zvinodzimwa uye zvino kupisa kune tembiricha iri pasi peAc1, inobatwa kweimwe nguva yenguva, yobva yatonhodzwa kusvika kukamuri tembiricha.Chinangwa chekupisa chinonyanya kubvisa kushungurudzika kunokonzerwa nezvikamu zvesimbi panguva yekudzima, kuitira kuti zvikamu zvesimbi zvive nehupamhi hwekuoma uye kupfeka kusagadzikana, pamwe chete nepurasitiki inodiwa uye kuoma.Zvakajairwa kudzikisira maitiro anosanganisira yakaderera tembiricha tembiricha, yepakati tembiricha tembiricha, yakanyanya kupisa tembiricha, nezvimwe.
Kudzikira tembiricha kudzika: Kudzikira kwakadzika kunobvisa kushushikana kwemukati kunokonzerwa nekudzima muzvikamu zvesimbi, uye kunowanzoshandiswa kucheka maturusi, maturusi ekuyeresa, mold, rolling bearings, uye carburized parts.
Kudziya kwepakati tembiricha: Kudziya kwepakati tembiricha kunoita kuti zvikamu zvesimbi zvikwanise kusimba, kumwe kuoma, uye kuoma, uye inowanzoshandiswa kumhando dzakasiyana dzezvitubu, kupisa kunofa, uye zvimwe zvikamu.
Kupisa kwekushisa kwepamusoro: Kupisa kwekushisa kwepamusoro kunogonesa zvikamu zvesimbi kuti zviwane zvakanaka zvakakwana zvemichina zvivakwa, zvinoti kusimba kukuru, kuoma, uye kuoma kwakakwana, kubvisa kushushikana kwemukati kunokonzerwa nekudzima.Inonyanya kushandiswa kune zvakakosha zvikamu zvezvimiro zvinoda simba rakawanda uye kuoma, senge maspindles, crankshafts, makamera, magiya, uye tsvimbo dzekubatanidza.
5. Kudzima & Kupisa
Zvinoreva kusanganiswa kwekupisa kurapwa maitiro ekudzima uye kupisa simbi kana simbi zvikamu.Simbi inoshandiswa kudzima nekudzikamisa kurapwa inonzi quenched and tempered steel.Iyo inowanzo reva yepakati kabhoni dhizaini simbi uye yepakati kabhoni alloy simbi yekugadzira.
6. Kemikari kupisa kurapwa
Maitiro ekupisa kupisa umo simbi kana alloy workpiece inoiswa mune inoshanda svikiro pane imwe tembiricha yekuisa, ichibvumira chimwe kana zvimwe zvinhu kuti zvipinde pamusoro payo kuti ichinje makemikari ayo, chimiro, uye kuita.Chinangwa chemakemikari ekupisa kupisa ndechekuvandudza kuomarara kwepamusoro, kusamira kwekusapfeka, kusaita ngura, simba rekuneta, uye oxidation kuramba yezvikamu zvesimbi.Yakajairika kemikari kupisa kurapwa maitiro anosanganisira carburization, nitriding, carbonitriding, nezvimwe.
Carburization: Kuwana kuomarara kwakanyanya (HRC60-65) uye kupfeka kuramba pamusoro, uku uchichengeta kuomarara kwakanyanya pakati.Inowanzo shandiswa kupfekwa-inodzivirira uye inopesana nezvikamu zvakaita semavhiri, magiya, shafts, piston piston, nezvimwe.
Nitriding: Kuvandudza kuomarara, kupfeka kusamira, uye kushorwa kwekupokana kwepamusoro pezvikamu zvesimbi, zvinowanzoshandiswa muzvikamu zvakakosha semabhaudhi, nzungu, uye mapini.
Carbonitriding: inovandudza kuoma uye kupfeka kusagadzikana kwepamusoro pezvikamu zvesimbi, inokodzera yakaderera kabhoni simbi, yepakati kabhoni simbi, kana alloy simbi zvikamu, uye inogona zvakare kushandiswa kune yakakwirira-kumhanya simbi yekucheka maturusi.
7. Solid solution kurapwa
Inoreva nzira yekupisa yekupisa alloy kune yakakwirira-tembiricha imwe-chikamu nzvimbo uye kuchengetedza inogara tembiricha, ichibvumira yakawandisa chikamu kunyungudika zvizere mune yakasimba mhinduro uye nekukasira kutonhora kuwana supersaturated yakasimba mhinduro.Chinangwa chekugadzirisa kugadzirisa ndechekuvandudza mapurasitiki uye kusimba kwesimbi uye alloys, uye kugadzirira kunaya kwemvura kuomesa kurapwa.
8. Kunaya kwemvura kuoma (mvura inosimbisa)
Maitiro ekupisa kupisa umo simbi inoomeswa nekuda kwekupatsanurwa kwemaatomu ane solute mune supersaturated yakasimba mhinduro uye/kana kuparadzirwa kwezvikamu zvakanyungudika mumatrix.Kana austenitic precipitation Stainless simbi ikaitwa kunaya kwemvura kuomesa kurapwa pa400-500 ℃ kana 700-800 ℃ mushure mekugadzirisa mhinduro yakasimba kana kutonhora kushanda, inogona kuwana simba repamusoro.
9. Nguva yekurapa
Inoreva nzira yekupisa yekupisa iyo alloy workpieces inogadziriswa yakasimba mhinduro kurapwa, inotonhora yepurasitiki deformation kana kukanda, uye yobva yagadzirwa, inoiswa pane yakakwirira tembiricha kana inochengetwa pakamuri tembiricha, uye zvimiro zvavo, chimiro, uye saizi inoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva.
Kana iyo yekuchembera yekurapa maitiro ekupisa iyo workpiece kune yakakwirira tembiricha uye kuitisa kuchembera kurapwa kwenguva yakareba yakagamuchirwa, inonzi yakagadzira kuchembera kurapwa;Chiitiko chekuchembera chinoitika kana iyo workpiece ichichengetwa mukamuri tembiricha kana mamiriro echisikigo kwenguva yakareba inonzi yakasikwa kuchembera kurapwa.Chinangwa chekurapa kuchembera ndechekubvisa kushushikana kwemukati mukati meiyo workpiece, kudzikamisa chimiro uye saizi, uye kugadzirisa michina zvinhu.
10. Kuoma
Inoreva maitiro anosarudza kudzika kwekudzika uye kuomarara kwekugovera kwesimbi pasi pemamiriro akatarwa.Iyo yakanaka kana yakaipa kuomeswa kwesimbi inowanzomiririrwa nekudzika kweiyo yakaoma layer.Iyo yakakura kudzika kweiyo yakaoma layer, zviri nani kuomarara kwesimbi.Kuoma kwesimbi kunonyanya kuenderana nekemikari yayo, kunyanya iyo alloy zvinhu uye saizi yezviyo inowedzera kuoma, kupisa tembiricha, uye kubata nguva.Simbi ine yakanaka kuomeswa inogona kuwana yunifomu uye inopindirana michina zvinhu mukati mese chikamu chesimbi, uye quenching agents ane yakaderera quenching kusagadzikana anogona kusarudzwa kuderedza deformation uye kuputika.
11. Yakakosha dhayamita (yakakosha quenching dhayamita)
Iyo dhayamita yakakosha inoreva dhayamita yakakura yesimbi kana martensite yese kana 50% martensite chimiro inowanikwa pakati mushure mekudzima mune imwe svikiro.Iyo yakaoma dhayamita yemamwe simbi inogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekuomeswa bvunzo muoiri kana mvura.
12. Kuomesa kwechipiri
Mamwe iron-carbon alloys (senge simbi inomhanya-mhanya) inoda kuwanda kwekupisa kutenderera kuti iwedzere kuoma kwayo.Ichi chiitiko chekuomesa, chinozivikanwa sechipiri chekuomesa, chinokonzerwa nekunaya kwecarbides yakakosha uye / kana shanduko ye austenite kuita martensite kana bainite.
13. Kushatisa brittleness
Zvinoreva kuitika kwe embrittlement yesimbi yakadzima yakadzimirwa mune mamwe tembiricha renji kana kutonhodzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva mukudziya kwekushisa kuburikidza netembiricha iyi.Hasha brittleness inogona kukamurwa kuva yekutanga mhando yehasha brittleness uye yechipiri mhando yehasha brittleness.
Rudzi rwekutanga rwehasha brittleness, inozivikanwawo se isingachinjiki kushatirwa brittleness, inowanzoitika pakupisa kwe250-400 ℃.Mushure mokunge brittleness ichinyangarika mushure mekugadzirisazve, brittleness inodzokororwa munharaunda iyi uye haichaitiki;
Rudzi rwechipiri rwehasha brittleness, inozivikanwawo sereversible temper brittleness, inoitika patembiricha kubva pa400 kusvika 650 ℃.Kana brittleness ichinge yanyangarika mushure mekupisa, inofanira kukurumidza kutonhora uye haifanire kugara kwenguva yakareba kana kunonoka kutonhora mukati me400 kusvika 650 ℃, zvikasadaro zvinokonzeresa zviitiko zvichaitika zvakare.
Kuitika kwehasha brittleness kune hukama neiyo alloy zvinhu zviri musimbi, senge manganese, chromium, silicon, uye nickel, izvo zvinowanzoita hutsinye hwehasha, nepo molybdenum uye tungsten zvine tsika yekuderedza kushatirwa.
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Nguva yekutumira: Nov-23-2023